Testimony of Gen. James B. Ricketts
Report on the Conduct of the War, Vol. 2, pp. 242-246
WASHINGTON, April 3, 1862.
General JAMES B. RICKETTS sworn and examined.
By the chairman:
Question. What rank and position do you hold in the army?
Answer. I am at present a brigadier general of volunteers.
Question. What was your rank on the 21st of July last, the day of the battle of Bull Run?
Answer. I was a captain of the first regiment of artillery.
Question. In whose brigade?
Answer. General Franklin’s brigade.
Question. Will you please give us an account, in your own way, of what you saw of the battle?
Answer. I saw very little except what concerned myself. You must know that any one who has charge of six pieces of artillery has as much as he can attend to to manage them and obey orders. I went on the field at Sudley’s Spring, in General Heintzelman’s division, General Franklin’s brigade. After crossing the stream, where I watered my horses, my first order was to take to the right into an open field, to effect which I had to take down the fences. I then came into action about a thousand yards from the enemy, I should judge. There was a battery of smooth-bores opposed against me, doing some damage to us; it killed some horses and wounded some few of my men; I myself saw one man struck on the arm. My battery consisted of six rifled Parrott guns, consequently I was more than a match at that distance for the smooth-bore battery. It is difficult to judge of the passage of time under such circumstances, as we never look at our watches then. But after firing, I should judge, twenty minutes or a half an hour, I had orders to advance a certain distance. I moved forward, and was about to come into battery again, when I was ordered to proceed further on, up on a hill near the Henry House.
By Mr. Chandler:
Question. About what time was it when you first came into action?
Answer. We had marched twelve miles. I should judge my first coming into action must have been somewhere about noon. That, of course, is a mere guess. I received this order to move forward. I told the officer that he must indicate the spot, so that there should be no mistake about it. I saw at a glance, as I thought, that I was going into great peril for my horses and men. But I did not hesitate to obey the order, merely asking to name the spot clearly indicated to me. The ground had not been reconnoitred at all, and there was a little ravine in front that I had to pass. As I marched at the head of my company with Lieutenant Ramsay, he said to me, “We cannot pass that ravine.” I told him that we must pass it. As we were under fire, to countermarch there would be fatal. The confusion consequent upon turning around there would expose us to great danger. As it was, we dashed across, breaking one wheel in the effort, which we immediately replaced. I called off the cannoniers and took down the fence and ascended the hill near the Henry House, which was at that time filled with sharpshooters. I had scarcely got into battery before I saw some of my horses fall and some of my men wounded by the sharpshooters. I turned my guns upon the house and literally riddled it. It has been said that there was a woman killed there by our guns. It was in that house that she was killed at the time I turned my battery on it and shelled out the sharpshooters there. We did not move from that position—that is, we made no important movement. We moved a piece one way or the other, perhaps, in order to take advantage of the enemy’s appearance at one point or another. But our guns were not again limbered up. In fact, in a very short time we were not in a position or a condition to move, on account of the number of our horses that were disabled. I know it was the hottest place I ever saw in my life, and I had seen some fighting before. The enemy had taken advantage of the woods and the natural slope of the ground, and delivered a terrible fire upon us.
Question. Was that the place where your battery was lost?
Answer. Yes, sir.
Question. And where you yourself was wounded and fell?
Answer. Yes, sir.
Question. Who gave you the order to march forward there?
Answer. Lieutenant Kingsbury, of General McDowell’s staff, brought me the order. Lieutenant Snyder was also near, and I told him I wanted him to bear in mind that I had received that order, although no point was indicated.
Question. Had you a sufficient infantry support for your battery?
Answer. At that time I knew of no support. I was told a support was ordered. One regiment, the Fire Zouaves, I know came up to support me, and, when I saw them in confusion, I rode up to them and said something cheering to them. I had not much time to speak to them, but I thought I would say a little something cheering to them, as it might have some effect upon them.
Question. How long did you continue to operate your guns after you took that position?
Answer. Somewhere between a half an hour and an hour, I should judge.
Question. Was Griffin’s battery near you?
Answer. I do not know, except from what I have heard. I know there was a battery a little to the rear on my right, and from all accounts I suppose that to be Griffin’s battery. They were on my right in my first position, and moved up with me and took a position a little on my right.
By the chairman:
Question. How came they to order you to advance without infantry to support you? Is not that unusual?
Answer. The infantry came up directly afterwards. I do not know where the position of the infantry was. All I saw were the Fire Zouaves, who came up on my right to support me.
Question. In what number?
Answer. I should suppose, when my attention was called to them, that there were from two hundred to three hundred men.
Question. What number of infantry is supposed to be sufficient to support a battery?
Answer. To go into such a place as that, I should say there should have been two full regiments to have supported my battery.
By Mr. Odell:
Question. Was the smooth-bore battery of the enemy supported?
Answer. Yes, sir; and we drove them away. They retired some distance as we advanced. They must have had a heavy support, judging from the amount of lead they threw from their muskets, for long after I was down the hail was tremendous. The ground was torn up all around me, and some bullets went through my clothes. I never expected to get off at all.
By Mr. Chandler:
Question. How many of your men were hit?
Answer. I do not know. I was five months in Richmond as a prisoner. I, of course, made no report, and have made none yet. No report has been made, though I think it should have been made by the next officer, as I was virtually lost; was away from the battery, and knew nothing of what occurred to the men.
By Mr. Odell:
Question. Who was in command of the artillery—the chief of artillery?
Answer. Major Barry—now General Barry.
By Mr. Chandler:
Question. Did he direct the movements of the artillery?
Answer. I did not see him.
By the chairman:
Question. Was the place where you were posted before you were ordered to advance more advantageous than the one to which you did advance?
Answer. I think it was, up to the time that I left it; and I think it would have been for a little longer time, considering that I had longer range guns than the enemy had.
Question. Could you have sustained yourself in your first position?
Answer. I think so. Yes, sir.
Question. From whom did the order to advance emanate?
Answer. General McDowell’s aid brought it to me. Major Barry had no aid. Whether it was Major Barry’s order or not, I could not tell. He had charge of the artillery, and was supposed to have directed its movements.
Question. Was it good generalship to order you to advance with your battery without more support than you had?
Answer. Do you mean the one regiment?
Question. Yes, sir; the Fire Zouaves you speak of.
Answer. No, sir; I do not think it was. I desire to state here that I have seen it mentioned that I made some mistake as to the enemy. Captain Griffin and myself are coupled together as having made some mistake on the field as to the character of the enemy. I wish to say that I made no mistake in regard to the enemy.
By Mr. Chandler:
Question. You refer to mistaking a regiment of the enemy for one of our own troops?
Answer. Yes, sir.
Question. You are not connected with that in our testimony.
Answer. I am very glad to hear it. I had noticed that, among other things, in the papers; and when I came back from Richmond, I saw the President, and he said to me: “You thought you were going to certain destruction in going up there, so you said,” referring to our last position. I replied, “That is a mistake, I made no remark at all, except that I wanted the place clearly indicated to which I was to move.”
By the chairman:
Question. Were you present at the council of war the evening prior to the battle?
Answer. No, sir.
Question. At what time on the day of the battle did you learn that Johnston’s troops were coming down from Winchester?
Answer. Well, sir, I heard before we left little Rocky Run, this side of Centreville, that there was danger of meeting Johnston’s men on that day. I cannot tell you who told me.
Question. In your judgment, as a military man, after it was ascertained that Johnston would be down, was it prudent to fight that battle, unless you could have, for instance, Patterson’s army to follow Johnston’s down?
Answer. Yes, sir, I think so. I think we could have fought with the army we had. We had apparently as good men as ever were.
Question. Suppose that battle could have been fought two weeks before it was fought, what would have been the probable result?
Answer. I believe if we had fought it even two days before we would have walked over the field. I saw on the field of battle a number of officers who had resigned from our army, whom I had known; and while I was at Richmond some of them told me that at one time they were giving away, and that our panic was perfectly unaccountable to them. We gained the battle with the force we had. I believe there was a time when we had really won that battle, if we had only kept at it a little longer.
Question. As a military man, to what circumstances do you attribute our disaster on that day?
Answer. I impute it to the want of proper officers among the volunteers.
By Mr. Wright:
Question. Do you mean the colonels and generals?
Answer. I mean throughout. I cannot say particular colonels and particular captains, because some of them were excellent. But, as a general rule, many of the officers were inferior to the men themselves. The men were of as good material as any in the world, and they fought well until they became confused on account of their officers not knowing what to do.
By the chairman:
Question. Were you present and able to know the last charge of the enemy which was decisive?
Answer. Which charge was that?
Question. The same one that captured your battery, I believe. All the witnesses speak of a certain charge that was made there by the enemy.
Answer. My battery was taken and retaken three times. For a part of the time the struggle was going on over my body; and I think that for a part of the time I must have been insensible, for I bled very freely.
By Mr. Chandler:
Question. Which of our regiments fought over your body for the battery? Not the zouaves?
Answer. I did not know which regiment it was. It was not the zouaves. I saw a regiment, after I was down, move very near my battery, and I saw a shell explode among them, somewhere, I should judge, about the color company; and in speaking of it to Dr. Swan afterwards, the surgeon of the 14th New York regiment, who went over the field the next day, I concluded it was the 14th regiment, because he said he saw a great many of his regiment killed there. I therefore supposed that that was the regiment engaged in that struggle for the battery.
Question. Were you captured with your guns?
Answer. Yes, sir; I suppose I may say I was taken with my guns. When I was found I was asked my name, and I told them my name was Captain Ricketts. They asked if I was captain of that battery, pointing to one that was moving towards them, and I told them I was.
Question. Your guns were turned upon our troops after they were captured, were they not?
Answer. They say they were turned upon us; and I remember hearing one or two explosions.
By Mr. Julian:
Question. What kind of support did you receive from the Fire Zouaves?
Answer. Well, sir, these Fire Zouaves came up to the ground, but they soon got into confusion and left.
By Mr. Odell:
Question. Was that in consequence of want of proper directions from their officers?
Answer. I should judge, from the manner in which the men stood there, and from their not being properly in line, that it was from want of officers; either that their officers were ignorant of their duty at that time, or that they were not there. I cannot say how that was. Our men really behaved very gallantly up to a certain time.
Question. Did the 14th New York regiment support you at all while you were in position?
Answer. That I cannot tell you. They were in the woods on my right, I know; because a number of officers told me about them, though they took them for the Fire Zouaves on account of their red uniform.
Harry Smeltzer
Bull Runnings 
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